Use of Artificial Intelligence

Authors must disclose whether they used artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technologies (such as Large Language Models [LLMs], chatbots, or image creators) in the production of submitted work. Authors who use such technology should describe, in both the cover letter and the submitted work, how they used it. When an AI tool such as a chatbot is used to carry out or generate analytical work, help report results (e.g., generating tables or figures), or write computer codes, such use must be described in both the Abstract and Methods section. The full prompt used to generate the research results, the time and date of query, and the AI tool used and its version, should be provided.

Humans are responsible for any submitted material that included the use of AI-assisted technologies (including the accuracy of what is presented and the absence of plagiarism) and for appropriate attribution of all sources (including original sources for material generated by the chatbot). Authors should carefully review and edit the manuscript because AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete, or biased. It is the author’s responsibility to ensure that the content reflects the author’s data and ideas, and is not plagiarism, fabrication, or falsification.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technologies (such as Large Language Models [LLMs], chatbots, or image creators) should not be listed or be cited as authors, because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are required for authorship. References listing AI as authors should not be cited for the same reasons. Humans must ensure there is appropriate attribution of all quoted material, including full citations.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technologies (such as Large Language Models [LLMs], chatbots, or image creators) should not be used by editors and reviewers to evaluate or review submissions, because such use potentially breaches confidentiality of the submitted manuscript. Editors and peer reviewers should specify, to authors and to each other, any use of chatbots in the generation of correspondence and communications with authors and each other, and explain how they were used.